diff --git a/utils/markdown_to_image.py b/utils/markdown_to_image.py
index e45b9f8..1737ae8 100644
--- a/utils/markdown_to_image.py
+++ b/utils/markdown_to_image.py
@@ -2,42 +2,54 @@ import subprocess
 import time
 import markdown
 from pathlib import Path
+
+import psutil
 from playwright.async_api import async_playwright
 import os
 import asyncio
 from loguru import logger
 
 
-async def safe_close_browser(browser, timeout: float = 5.0) -> None:
+async def safe_close_browser(browser, timeout: float = 4.0) -> None:
     if not browser:
         return
 
-    # Close contexts first to reduce hanging risk.
-    try:
-        for ctx in browser.contexts:
+    # 1. 先尝试关闭所有 page（最重要）
+    for context in browser.contexts[:]:  # 复制列表防止修改中迭代
+        for page in context.pages[:]:
             try:
-                await asyncio.wait_for(ctx.close(), timeout=timeout)
-            except Exception:
+                await asyncio.wait_for(page.close(), timeout=1.5)
+            except:
                 pass
-    except Exception:
-        pass
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(context.close(), timeout=timeout)
+        except:
+            pass
 
-    # Then close browser with timeout.
+    # 2. 尝试优雅关闭 browser
     try:
         await asyncio.wait_for(browser.close(), timeout=timeout)
+        logger.debug("browser closed gracefully")
         return
-    except asyncio.TimeoutError:
-        logger.warning("Browser close timed out, killing process")
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.warning(f"Browser close failed, killing process: {e}")
+    except (asyncio.TimeoutError, Exception) as e:
+        logger.warning(f"browser.close failed: {e}")
 
-    # Final fallback: kill underlying process.
-    try:
-        proc = browser.process
-        if proc:
-            proc.kill()
-    except Exception:
-        pass
+    # 3. 强制杀进程树（最关键一步）
+    if browser.process and browser.process.pid:
+        try:
+            parent = psutil.Process(browser.process.pid)
+            children = parent.children(recursive=True)
+            for child in children:
+                try:
+                    child.kill()
+                except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
+                    pass
+            parent.kill()
+            # 可选：等待一小会儿确认退出
+            psutil.wait_procs([parent] + children, timeout=3)
+            logger.debug("process tree killed")
+        except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, Exception) as e:
+            logger.warning(f"force kill failed: {e}")
 
 
 # ================= 样式与 HTML 处理 =================